The eventual downfall of humanity will probably be caused by the achievements in the field of science. Looking at the achievements of genetic modification makes one to think that what people say about the fall of humanity being linked to science is not a farfetched idea after all. Organisms whose genetic content has been altered through techniques of genetic engineering are called genetically modified GMO organisms. Such organisms continue to find use in the modern society every day.
In selective breeding, the next generation of breed is produced by breeding organisms that possess only those traits that are required. It is from this concept that genetic modification was developed. Gene altering was made possible by developments in genetics that allowed for direct alteration of DNA. Combination of DNA samples from two specimens of virus by Paul Berg in 1972 led to the creation of the first recombinant DNA.
In 1973, the first GMO was created by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer from experiments with bacteria. Rudolf Jaenisch later on in 1973 created the first transgenic mouse. This was achieved through the introduction of foreign DNA into the embryo of the mouse. The mouse became the first transgenic animal to be created. Eight years later, transgenic mice were developed that could pass their transgenes to offspring.
A plant that is modified genetically was first created by a three scientists in 1983. Michael Bevan, Richard Flavell, and Mary-Dell Chilton were the members of the team. Their experiments led to the creation of disease-resistant variety of tobacco. In 1987, gene guns were invented and plants with improved nutrient value first got introduced in 2000.
Processes of gene mutation, insertion, and deletion are used in the production of GMOs. Horizontal gene transfer is used to insert genes into target hosts. This process of gene transfer may also happen naturally for a number of reasons when exogenous DNA penetrates cell membranes. There are various ways used to achieve gene modification. The first method attaches genes onto viruses. The second method employs tiny syringes to physically insert additional DNA into nucleus of targeted hosts.
The third method makes use of an electric pulse to introduce DNA from one organism into the cells of others. The fourth method makes use of the gene gun to fire small particles into target hosts. There are other methods that take advantage of natural forms of transferring genes. For instance, the Agrobacterium has the ability to transfer genetic material into plants while lentiviruses have the same capability in animals.
Like stated earlier, GMOs find a lot of use in various industries and applications. They are used in agriculture, experimental medicine, medical and biological research, and in producing pharmaceutical drugs. GMOs are becoming more important in the efforts of discovering and developing treatment and cures for many serious medical conditions. To that end, many different animals have been engineered genetically including sheep, pigs, and rats.
Genetic modification of organisms is under strict regulation by most governments. Standards of regulation differ among various countries. For instance, regulation in European countries is very different from modification in the US. The intended use of GMOs determines the level of regulation placed on them.
In selective breeding, the next generation of breed is produced by breeding organisms that possess only those traits that are required. It is from this concept that genetic modification was developed. Gene altering was made possible by developments in genetics that allowed for direct alteration of DNA. Combination of DNA samples from two specimens of virus by Paul Berg in 1972 led to the creation of the first recombinant DNA.
In 1973, the first GMO was created by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer from experiments with bacteria. Rudolf Jaenisch later on in 1973 created the first transgenic mouse. This was achieved through the introduction of foreign DNA into the embryo of the mouse. The mouse became the first transgenic animal to be created. Eight years later, transgenic mice were developed that could pass their transgenes to offspring.
A plant that is modified genetically was first created by a three scientists in 1983. Michael Bevan, Richard Flavell, and Mary-Dell Chilton were the members of the team. Their experiments led to the creation of disease-resistant variety of tobacco. In 1987, gene guns were invented and plants with improved nutrient value first got introduced in 2000.
Processes of gene mutation, insertion, and deletion are used in the production of GMOs. Horizontal gene transfer is used to insert genes into target hosts. This process of gene transfer may also happen naturally for a number of reasons when exogenous DNA penetrates cell membranes. There are various ways used to achieve gene modification. The first method attaches genes onto viruses. The second method employs tiny syringes to physically insert additional DNA into nucleus of targeted hosts.
The third method makes use of an electric pulse to introduce DNA from one organism into the cells of others. The fourth method makes use of the gene gun to fire small particles into target hosts. There are other methods that take advantage of natural forms of transferring genes. For instance, the Agrobacterium has the ability to transfer genetic material into plants while lentiviruses have the same capability in animals.
Like stated earlier, GMOs find a lot of use in various industries and applications. They are used in agriculture, experimental medicine, medical and biological research, and in producing pharmaceutical drugs. GMOs are becoming more important in the efforts of discovering and developing treatment and cures for many serious medical conditions. To that end, many different animals have been engineered genetically including sheep, pigs, and rats.
Genetic modification of organisms is under strict regulation by most governments. Standards of regulation differ among various countries. For instance, regulation in European countries is very different from modification in the US. The intended use of GMOs determines the level of regulation placed on them.
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